Six systems, one question: Who holds the trust?

But of the six systems compared here, it is the only one built to answer the actual question on Africa’s own terms, rather than waiting, again, for permission from the people who have spent eighty years deciding the answer for everyone else.

AFP, under ASC, governed through ARB trust in a physical asset under African custody, answerable to no one else’s calendar.

That is not a claim of instant victory; the renminbi has spent over a decade backed by the largest manufacturing base on earth and still holds under two per cent of global reserves, because trust takes years to earn and one broken promise to lose.